United States presidential election, 1916 Totally Explained

Everything about United States Presidential Election 1916 totally explained

The United States presidential election of 1916 took place while Europe was embroiled in World War I. Public sentiment in the still neutral United States leaned towards the British and French (allied) forces, due to the harsh treatment of civilians by the German Army, which had invaded and occupied large parts of Belgium and northern France. However, despite their sympathy with the allied forces most American voters wanted to avoid involvement in the war, and preferred to continue a policy of neutrality. The campaign pitted incumbent President Woodrow Wilson, the Democratic candidate, against Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Hughes, the Republican candidate. After a hard-fought contest, Wilson defeated Hughes by a narrow margin.

Nominations

Republican Party Nomination

Republican Candidates

William E. Borah, U.S. senator from Idaho
Martin G. Brumbaugh, Governor of Pennsylvania
Theodore E. Burton, U.S. senator from Ohio
Albert B. Cummins, U.S. senator from Iowa
Thomas C. DuPont, businessman from Delaware
Charles W. Fairbanks, former Vice President of the United States from Indiana
Henry Ford, automobile manufacturer from Michigan
Warren G. Harding, U.S. senator from Ohio
Charles E. Hughes, U.S. Supreme Court Justice and former Governor of New York
Philander C. Knox, former U.S. Secretary of State and candidate for the 1908 nomination from Pennsylvania
Robert M. LaFollette, U.S. senator and candidate for the 1908 and 1916 nominations from Wisconsin
Henry Cabot Lodge, U.S. senator from Massachusetts
Samuel W. McCall, Governor of Massachusetts
Theodore Roosevelt, former President of the United States from New York
Elihu Root, former U.S. senator from New York
Lawrence Y. Sherman, U.S. senator from Illinois
William Alden Smith, U.S. senator from Michigan
William H. Taft, former President of the United States from Ohio
John Wanamaker, former Postmaster General from Pennsylvania
John W. Weeks, U.S. senator from Massachusetts
Frank B. Willis, Governor of Ohio
Leonard Wood, former Chief of Staff of the United States Army from New Hampshire

Candidates gallery

Image:Williameborah.jpg|Senator William E. Borah of Idaho Image:Martin_Brumbaugh.jpeg|Governor Martin Brumbaugh of Pennsylvania Image:Theodore Elijah Burton.jpg|Senator Theodore Burton of Ohio Image:Albert B Cummins.jpg|Senator Albert Cummins of Iowa Image:TCDuPont.jpg|Businessman Thomas C. DuPont of Delaware Image:CWFairbanks.jpg|Former Vice President Charles Fairbanks of Indiana Image:Henry Ford.jpg|Automobile manufacturer Henry Ford of Michigan Image:Warren G Harding portrait as senator June 1920.jpg|Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio Image:Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes.jpg|U.S. Supreme Court Justice Charles Hughes of New York Image:Philander Knox, bw photo portrait, 1904.jpg|Former Secretary of State Philander Knox of Pennsylvania Image:Robert M. La Follette, Sr. .jpg|Senator Robert LaFollette of Wisconsin Image:HenryCabotLodgeSr.jpg|Senator Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts Image:Samuel_McCall.jpg|Governor Samuel W. McCall of Massachusetts Image:President Theodore Roosevelt, 1904.jpg|Former President Theodore Roosevelt of New York Image:Elihu Root, bw photo portrait, 1902.jpg|Former Senator Elihu Root of New York Image:Lawrence Yates Sherman.jpg|Senator Lawrence Sherman of Illinois Image:William Alden Smith.jpg|Senator William Smith of Michigan Image:William Howard Taft.jpg|Former President William Howard Taft of Ohio Image:John wanamaker7.jpg|Former Postmaster General John Wanamaker of Pennsylvania Image:John Wingate Weeks, Bain bw photo portrait.jpg|Senator John Weeks of Massachusetts Image:Frank Bartlett Willis.jpg|Governor Frank B. Willis of Ohio Image:LeonardWood.jpeg|Former Chief of Staff Leonard Wood of New Hampshire

Republican National Convention

The 1916 Republican National Convention was held in Chicago from 7 June to 10 June. A major goal of the party's bosses at the convention was to heal the bitter split within the Republican Party (GOP) that had occurred in the 1912 presidential campaign. In that year Theodore Roosevelt had bolted the GOP and formed his own political party, the Progressive Party, which contained most of the GOP's liberals. William Howard Taft, the incumbent President, had won the nomination of the regular Republican Party. This split in the GOP ranks had divided the Republican vote and led to the election of Democrat Woodrow Wilson. Although several candidates were openly competing for the 1916 nomination - most prominently conservative Senator Elihu Root of New York and liberal Senator John W. Weeks of Massachusetts - the party's bosses wanted a moderate who would be acceptable to both factions of the party. They turned to Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Hughes, who had served on the court since 1910 and thus had the advantage of not having publicly spoken about political issues in six years. Although he hadn't actively sought the nomination, Hughes made it known that he wouldn't turn it down; he won the nomination on the third ballot. Former Vice-President Charles W. Fairbanks was nominated as his running mate. Hughes is the only Supreme Court Justice to be nominated for President by a major political party.

Ballot		2	3
Charles E. Hughes	53	326	950
John W. Weeks	05	102	2
Elihu Root	03	89	9
Charles Fairbanks	9	75	7
Albert Cummins	5	77	2
Theodore Roosevelt	1	65	19
Theodore Burton	8	69	9
Lawrence Sherman	6	59	5
Philander Knox	6	30	6
Henry Ford	2	29	9
Martin Brumbaugh	9	22	2
Robert LaFollette	5	25	23
William Howard Taft	4	4	0
Thomas C. DuPont		13	6
Henry Cabot Lodge		2	0
John Wanamaker		1	1
Frank Willis		2	2
William Borah		0	2
Warren G. Harding		0	1
Samuel W. McCall		1	1
Leonard Wood		1	1

Democratic Party Nomination

Democratic candidates

Homer S. Cummings, delegate from Connecticut

Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States from New Jersey

Candidates gallery

Image:Homer Cummings, Harris & Ewing photo portrait, 1920.jpg|Delegate Homer Cummings of Connecticut Image:President Woodrow Wilson portrait December 2 1912.jpg|President Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey

Democratic National Convention

The 1916 Democratic National Convention was held in St. Louis, Missouri from 14 June to 16 June. Given Wilson's enormous popularity within the party, he was overwhelmingly renominated. His Vice-President, Thomas R. Marshall, was also renominated with no opposition.

Progressive Party Nomination

The Progressives renominated former President Theodore Roosevelt, but he withdrew from the race and supported Hughes. When Roosevelt refused to be their candidate, the Progressive Party quickly fell apart; most of its members returned to the Republican Party, although a substantial minority supported Wilson for his efforts in keeping the United States out of World War I. Roosevelt turned down the Progressive nomination for both personal and political reasons; he'd become convinced that running for President on a third-party ticket again would merely give the election to the Democrats. He had also developed a strong dislike for President Wilson, who he believed was allowing Germany and other warring nations in Europe to "bully" the United States.

General election

The fall campaign

The fighting in Europe dominated the campaign. Woodrow Wilson campaigned for reelection on a pledge of continued neutrality in the Great War in Europe. His campaign slogan, "He Kept Us out of War", was highly popular. Hughes advocated a program of greater mobilization and preparedness; some pro-Wilson newspapers claimed that Hughes, if elected, was secretly planning to take America into the war. With Wilson having successfully pressured the Germans to suspend unrestricted submarine warfare, it was difficult for Hughes to attack Wilson's peace platform. Hughes criticized Wilson's military interventions in Mexico, where the U.S. was supporting various factions in a civil war. Hughes also attacked Wilson for his support of various "pro-labor" laws (such as limiting the workday to eight hours), on the grounds that they were harmful to business interests. However, his criticisms gained little traction, especially among factory workers who had supported such laws. Hughes was helped by the vigorous support of popular former President Theodore Roosevelt, and by the fact that the Republicans were still the nation's majority party at the time. A key mistake by Hughes was made in California. Just before the election Hughes made a campaign swing through the state. While in Long Beach he stayed in the same hotel as Hiram Johnson, the powerful Republican Governor of the state. Hughes - who may not have known of Johnson's presence in the hotel - never made the short trip to greet Johnson in his hotel suite; Johnson took this as a deliberate snub and never gave Hughes his full support. Given the extremely narrow loss Hughes suffered in California, this unintentional slight may have cost him the Presidency.

Results

On election night Hughes took an early lead in the Eastern and Midwestern states, and several newspapers declared him the winner. However, Wilson refused to concede, and as returns came in from the South and West Wilson made a comeback and eventually took the lead. The key state proved to be California, which Wilson won by only 3,800 votes out of nearly a million cast. The electoral vote was one of the closest in American history - with 266 votes needed to win, Wilson took 30 states for 277 electoral votes, while Hughes won 18 states and 254 electoral votes. If Hughes had carried California and its 13 electoral votes, he'd have won the election. In the popular vote Wilson's lead was larger, although it was still narrow - Wilson took 49% of the popular vote to Hughes' 46%. A popular legend from the 1916 campaign states that Hughes went to bed on Election Night thinking that he was the newly-elected president. When a reporter tried to telephone him the next morning to get his reaction to Wilson's comeback, someone (stories vary as to whether this person was his son or a butler or valet) answered the phone and told the reporter that "the President is sleeping." The reporter retorted, "When he wakes up, tell him he isn't the President anymore." An interesting attribute of this particular election is, if compared to the 2000 election map, is its complete inverse with the exception of only seven states (CA, IN, MD, NM, SD, WA, WV).
   Vice President Thomas R. Marshall became the first Vice President elected to a second term since John C. Calhoun in 1828.
   Woodrow Wilson is only the second person to ever to win the Presidential Election but not his own home state (New Jersey); the first was James Knox Polk in 1844 who didn't carry his home state of Tennessee or his birthplace, North Carolina.
   Wilson was also the first president to be reelected to a second consecutive term with a plurality, rather than an outright majority of popular votes in either election. The second was Bill Clinton. His popular vote margin of victory, 3.1% was also the smallest percentage margin for a victorious sitting President in history until the 2004 election, in which George W. Bush won the popular vote with 50.7% against John Kerry's 48.2%, producing a margin of 2.5%.

Source (Popular Vote):
Source (Electoral Vote):

Close states

Minnesota, 0.1%

New Hampshire, 0.1%

California, 0.3%

Indiana, 0.9%

West Virginia, 1.0%

North Dakota, 1.5%

Delaware, 2.4%

Oregon, 2.6%

Missouri, 2.7%

Connecticut, 3.2%

South Dakota, 3.9%

Massachusetts, 3.9%

Maine, 4.0%

Washington, 4.2%

Rhode Island, 5.1%

Kentucky, 5.4%

Kanas, 5.8

Wisconsin, 6.5%

New York, 7.0%

Ohio, 7.6%

Maryland, 8.0%

Michigan, 8.2%

Illinois, 9.2%

Bibliography

William M. Leary, Jr. "Woodrow Wilson, Irish Americans, and the Election of 1916," The Journal of American History, Vol. 54, No. 1. (Jun., 1967), pp. 57-72. in JSTOR

Link, Arthur S. Wilson: Campaigns For Progressivism and Peace 1916-1917 (ISBN 0-691-04576-3) (1965)

Link, Arthur Stanley. Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 1910-1917 (1972)

Lovell, S. D. The Presidential Election of 1916 (1980)

Pusey, Merlo J. Charles Evans Hughes (1951) vol 1.Further Information

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